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KIIP Pre-Evaluation (사전평가): Score-to-Level Placement Guide

The KIIP Pre-Evaluation places you into the right stage before you start classes. This guide covers the test format, provisional score-to-level placement bands, what it tests, how to prepare, and what happens if you hold a TOPIK score.

Reviewed by the Seoulstart teamLast updated · June 2026~11 min read
Illustration of an answer sheet with an arrow pointing to one step of five ascending platforms

Verified against 5 primary sources. Fact-checked June 2026. Every figure linked to its source.

Key facts

  • The Pre-Evaluation (사전평가) is a placement test. Its only job is to assign you to the correct KIIP stage (0 through 5) before you start classes.
  • The evaluation fee is 38,000 KRW per attempt and applies to both PBT and CBT formats. Verify the current fee at kiiptest.org before registering.
  • If you score 85 or above, you may sit the Permanent Residency Comprehensive Evaluation directly without completing Stage 5 Basic coursework, valid for 2 years from your score date. A pass on this path satisfies the F-5 basic competency requirement but does not count as KIIP completion. A Stage 5 placement below 85 still requires completing the 70-hour Stage 5 Basic coursework before sitting Comprehensive Evaluation.
  • If you hold any valid TOPIK certificate (Level 1 or higher), you can apply for TOPIK linkage placement (연계평가) and skip the Pre-Evaluation. TOPIK Level 1 places you at Stage 2, Level 2 at Stage 3, Level 3 at Stage 4, and Level 4, 5, or 6 at Stage 5.
  • The test has a written (필기) section of 50 questions and an oral (구술) section of 5 questions, for 55 questions total in 70 minutes (a 60-minute written section plus a 10-minute oral section). The oral section is face-to-face with two examiners and covers reading aloud, comprehension, conversation, and listening-and-speaking.
  • Results are typically published on a fixed schedule (paper-based: about 13 days; computer-based: 2 business days) after the test date. Check your kiiptest.org account for the exact schedule for your session.
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The Pre-Evaluation (사전평가) determines which KIIP stage you enter before classes start. Score too low and you spend months repeating Korean you already know. Score too high on placement and classes may outrun your level. This test sets the starting point correctly. It covers the test format, the score-to-stage placement bands, what is tested, how to prepare, and how your TOPIK score connects.

If you have not read the KIIP overview, start there first: KIIP: The 2026 Guide to Korea's Social Integration Program.

What is the Pre-Evaluation?

The Pre-Evaluation is a placement test, not a pass-fail exam. You do not pass or fail it. You sit it, receive a score out of 100 made up of a written (필기) score and an oral (구술) score, and the combined result determines which KIIP stage you are assigned to. The oral score also independently sets the lowest band: if your oral score is under 3, you are placed at Stage 0 regardless of your written score.

Every new KIIP registrant must take the Pre-Evaluation unless they qualify for a TOPIK-linkage placement. Any valid TOPIK level exempts you: TOPIK Level 1 places you at Stage 2, Level 2 at Stage 3, Level 3 at Stage 4, and Level 4, 5, or 6 at Stage 5. See the TOPIK section below for the full placement mapping.

You register for the Pre-Evaluation at kiiptest.org, operated by the Korea Immigration Foundation. Your class registration through socinet.go.kr (사회통합정보망) comes after your stage is confirmed.

Test format

The Pre-Evaluation runs in two formats.

PBT (Paper-Based Test): You write on paper and mark answers on an OMR (optical mark recognition) answer sheet.

CBT (Computer-Based Test): You complete the test on screen.

Both formats cost the same: 38,000 KRW per attempt (as of 2026, verify at kiiptest.org).

The test has two parts and runs 70 minutes for 55 questions total (a 60-minute written section plus a 10-minute oral section). The written section (필기, 50 questions) is multiple-choice (객관식, 48 items) plus short-answer (단답형 주관식, 2 items) covering vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, and basic Korean society knowledge. The oral section (구술, 5 questions) is administered separately, face-to-face, by two examiners to groups of up to five candidates, and covers reading aloud, comprehension, conversation, and listening-and-speaking. So you should prepare for spoken Korean too, not just written grammar. Full details on the item count and time allocation are published on kiiptest.org before each test session.

Score-to-level placement

Your Pre-Evaluation score determines which stage you enter. The placement bands below are based on the official guidance published by the Korea Immigration Foundation. Verify the current bands at kiiptest.org before your test, as placement criteria can be updated.

Score (out of 100)Stage assignedEstimated remaining hours to Stage 5 Basic
Oral (구술) score under 3, regardless of written scoreStage 0 (Foundation)Approximately 485 hours
3 to 20Stage 1 (Elementary 1)Approximately 470 hours
21 to 40Stage 2 (Elementary 2)Approximately 370 hours
41 to 60Stage 3 (Intermediate 1)Approximately 270 hours
61 to 80Stage 4 (Intermediate 2)Approximately 170 hours
81 to 100Stage 5 (Korean Society Understanding)70 hours of Stage 5 Basic

Skipping Stage 5 Basic, the 85+ path: If you score 85 or above on the Pre-Evaluation, you may sit the Permanent Residency Comprehensive Evaluation (영주용 종합평가) directly without taking the 70-hour Stage 5 Basic coursework. This eligibility is valid for 2 years from your score announcement date. A pass on this path satisfies the F-5 permanent residency basic competency requirement, but it does not count as KIIP completion. If your goal is naturalization, you still need to complete the full Stage 5 track (Basic + Advanced) and sit the Naturalization Track Comprehensive Evaluation. A Stage 5 placement below 85 still requires completing Stage 5 Basic before sitting Comprehensive Evaluation.

The hour estimates in the table assume you start from each stage and complete through Stage 5 Basic (the track required for F-5 permanent residency). Stage 0 is 15 hours, Stages 1 through 4 are 100 hours each, and Stage 5 Basic is 70 hours. So Stage 0 to Stage 5 Basic is about 485 hours (15 + 400 + 70), Stage 1 is 470 (400 + 70), Stage 2 is 370, Stage 3 is 270, and Stage 4 is 170.

One placement nuance matters here: Stage 0 is set by your oral (구술) score, not your total. An oral score under 3 places you at Stage 0 even if your written score is higher. The other bands above use your combined score out of 100.

Retaking the Pre-Evaluation: If you received a stage placement but did not start classes, you can sit the Pre-Evaluation again. Your most recent score replaces the earlier one and sets your new placement. Confirm the current retake conditions at kiiptest.org before you re-register, since you pay the 38,000 KRW fee each time.

What is tested

The Pre-Evaluation covers several areas across its written and oral sections.

Korean vocabulary: You are tested on word meaning and usage. The level is broadly equivalent to TOPIK Level 1 and Level 2 vocabulary. Common topics include everyday situations: shopping, transportation, health, and workplace basics.

Korean grammar: Multiple-choice questions test your ability to choose the correct grammatical form in a sentence. You are not required to produce original written Korean.

Reading comprehension: Short passages followed by comprehension questions. Topics focus on everyday life in Korea. Reading pace matters here because the reading section is the longest part of the test.

Korean society knowledge: A small number of questions test basic knowledge of Korean society at an introductory level, including everyday life plus history, culture, law, and institutions. These are not obscure cultural trivia. They cover things like using public transit, community service centers (주민센터), and healthcare basics. Much of this knowledge comes naturally from living in Korea.

Oral (구술) section: Beyond the written part, you sit a short face-to-face oral section with two examiners. It covers reading aloud, comprehension, conversation, and listening-and-speaking. So preparation should include speaking Korean out loud, not just written grammar and reading.

How to prepare

Step 1: Download sample questions from kiiptest.org

The Korea Immigration Foundation publishes official sample questions (견본 문제) on kiiptest.org. This is the most reliable preparation material. Work through the sample questions first, then assess which areas need more work.

Step 2: Study TOPIK Level 1 and Level 2 vocabulary

The vocabulary and grammar tested in the Pre-Evaluation broadly aligns with TOPIK Level 1 and Level 2. If you are already studying for TOPIK, your preparation overlaps directly. If you are not studying for TOPIK, the standard TOPIK preparation wordlists for Level 1 and Level 2 cover the core vocabulary you need. These are widely available in bookstores and online.

Step 3: Familiarize yourself with Korean daily-life basics

Read about how common Korean daily-life processes work: using the subway, registering at a community center, visiting a health clinic. You do not need to memorize these systems in detail. Familiarity with the vocabulary and the general flow is enough for the Pre-Evaluation.

Step 4: Check whether your partner institution offers practice tests

Some KIIP partner institutions offer free mock tests or practice sessions before the Pre-Evaluation. When you search for partner institutions on socinet.go.kr, check whether the institution offers Pre-Evaluation preparation support. Not all do, but it is worth asking.

Realistic preparation time: If your Korean is near zero, you are most likely to be placed at Stage 0 or Stage 1 regardless of preparation. In that case, preparation for the Pre-Evaluation is less important than getting started with classes. If your Korean is already at a conversational level, a few hours reviewing TOPIK Level 1 and Level 2 vocabulary and working through the official sample questions is usually enough.

How this connects to TOPIK

If you are studying for TOPIK, or already hold a TOPIK score, the Pre-Evaluation connects to your situation directly.

Any valid TOPIK level: Pre-Evaluation exemption

If you hold any valid TOPIK certificate (Level 1 or higher), you can skip the Pre-Evaluation through TOPIK linkage (연계평가). This saves you the 38,000 KRW fee and the time investment of the Pre-Evaluation itself. The exemption is not automatic: you apply for TOPIK linkage at socinet.go.kr and submit your valid TOPIK certificate.

The official Socinet TOPIK placement guide confirms the full mapping:

TOPIK levelKIIP stage assigned
Level 1Stage 2
Level 2Stage 3
Level 3Stage 4
Level 4, 5, or 6Stage 5

Your TOPIK certificate must be within its 2-year validity window when you apply, measured from the announcement date. KIIP completion certificates do not expire. Once you complete KIIP, that record stands permanently.

TOPIK Level 1: Stage 2 placement

TOPIK Level 1 qualifies you for the Pre-Evaluation exemption and places you at Stage 2 through TOPIK linkage. You skip Stages 0 and 1, and you skip the Pre-Evaluation itself. Marriage migrants on an F-6 visa reach the same Stage 2 outcome through a separate procedural lane: under the F-6 visa issuance guidelines, a TOPIK Level 1 certificate (or completion at a MOJ-designated overseas Korean institution) submitted at the visa application stage also places them at Stage 2.

If you are currently preparing for TOPIK

If your Korean is close to TOPIK Level 2, it may be worth sitting TOPIK before registering for KIIP. A Level 2 pass gives you the Stage 3 placement without the Pre-Evaluation fee and skips Stages 0, 1, and 2, which represent about 215 hours of classes (15 + 100 + 100). That is a meaningful time saving on a path toward F-5 permanent residency. For more detail on how TOPIK scores translate into placement and visa points, see the TOPIK guide and TOPIK Levels Explained.

How you receive results

Results are typically published on a fixed schedule (paper-based: about 13 days; computer-based: 2 business days) after your test date. Check your kiiptest.org account (마이페이지) for the exact schedule for your session.

After your stage is confirmed, the next step is to find a partner institution and register for classes. You do this at socinet.go.kr. Use the institution search to filter by your region, class format (in-person, online, or hybrid), and schedule. Your stage placement record is attached to your Socinet account and carries over automatically if you later change institutions.

Once enrolled in classes, your progress through each stage is tracked in your Socinet account. The next evaluation after the Pre-Evaluation is the Mid-term Evaluation (중간평가), which you sit after completing Stage 4 classes to progress to Stage 5.

For the final step, the Comprehensive Evaluation (종합평가) that opens the door to F-5 permanent residency or naturalization, see the KIIP Comprehensive Evaluation guide.

FAQ

What is the KIIP Pre-Evaluation?

The Pre-Evaluation (사전평가) is a placement test taken at the start of your KIIP registration. Your score determines which stage you enter: Stage 0 through Stage 5. You do not need to pass or fail it in the traditional sense. You simply sit it, receive a score, and get assigned to the corresponding stage.

Do I have to take the Pre-Evaluation?

Not always. If you hold any valid TOPIK certificate (Level 1 or higher), you can skip the Pre-Evaluation through TOPIK linkage (연계평가). TOPIK Level 1 places you at Stage 2, Level 2 at Stage 3, Level 3 at Stage 4, and Level 4, 5, or 6 at Stage 5. Your TOPIK score must still be within its 2-year validity window, measured from the announcement date, when you apply.

If I score 85 or above, can I skip Stage 5 classes entirely?

Yes. A Pre-Evaluation score of 85 or above lets you sit the Permanent Residency Comprehensive Evaluation (영주용 종합평가) directly, without completing Stage 5 Basic coursework. This eligibility lasts 2 years from your score date. A pass on this path satisfies the F-5 permanent residency basic competency requirement, but it does not count as full KIIP completion. For naturalization, you still need to complete the full Stage 5 track. A Stage 5 placement below 85 still requires the 70-hour Stage 5 Basic before sitting the Comprehensive Evaluation.

Does TOPIK Level 1 exempt me from the Pre-Evaluation?

Yes. TOPIK Level 1 still qualifies you for the Pre-Evaluation exemption through TOPIK linkage (연계평가), but it places you at Stage 2 rather than Stage 3. Only TOPIK Level 2 places you at Stage 3.

Can I request a lower stage than my score assigns?

Generally no. The Pre-Evaluation score is the placement mechanism, and there is no published procedure for choosing a lower stage. If you feel your assigned stage is too high and your classes are too difficult, ask your partner institution what your options are, since the rules can vary by institution.

How much does the Pre-Evaluation cost?

38,000 KRW per attempt, as of 2026. Both PBT and CBT cost the same. Verify the current fee at kiiptest.org before registering.

How long does the Pre-Evaluation take?

The test runs 70 minutes for 55 questions (a 60-minute written section plus a 10-minute oral section): a written (필기) section of 50 questions plus an oral (구술) section of 5 questions. The oral section is administered face-to-face by two examiners. Build in extra time for check-in and waiting on test day.

How do I get my results?

Results are typically published on a fixed schedule (paper-based: about 13 days; computer-based: 2 business days) after your test date. Log in to your account on kiiptest.org and check your my-page for the exact schedule. After your stage is confirmed, you can register for classes at a KIIP partner institution through socinet.go.kr.

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Frequently asked questions

What is the KIIP Pre-Evaluation?

The Pre-Evaluation (사전평가) is a placement test taken at the start of your KIIP registration. Your score determines which stage you enter: Stage 0 through Stage 5. You do not need to pass or fail it in the traditional sense. You simply sit it, receive a score, and get assigned to the corresponding stage.

Do I have to take the Pre-Evaluation?

Not always. If you hold any valid TOPIK certificate (Level 1 or higher), you can skip the Pre-Evaluation through TOPIK linkage (연계평가). TOPIK Level 1 places you at Stage 2, Level 2 at Stage 3, Level 3 at Stage 4, and Level 4, 5, or 6 at Stage 5. Your TOPIK score must still be within its 2-year validity window, measured from the announcement date, when you apply.

If I score 85 or above, can I skip Stage 5 classes entirely?

Yes. A Pre-Evaluation score of 85 or above lets you sit the Permanent Residency Comprehensive Evaluation (영주용 종합평가) directly, without completing Stage 5 Basic coursework. This eligibility lasts 2 years from your score date. A pass on this path satisfies the F-5 permanent residency basic competency requirement, but it does not count as full KIIP completion. For naturalization, you still need to complete the full Stage 5 track. A Stage 5 placement below 85 still requires the 70-hour Stage 5 Basic before sitting the Comprehensive Evaluation.

Show all 8 questions

Does TOPIK Level 1 exempt me from the Pre-Evaluation?

Yes. TOPIK Level 1 still qualifies you for the Pre-Evaluation exemption through TOPIK linkage (연계평가), but it places you at Stage 2 rather than Stage 3. Only TOPIK Level 2 places you at Stage 3.

Can I request a lower stage than my score assigns?

Generally no. The Pre-Evaluation score is the placement mechanism, and there is no published procedure for choosing a lower stage. If you feel your assigned stage is too high and your classes are too difficult, ask your partner institution what your options are, since the rules can vary by institution.

How much does the Pre-Evaluation cost?

38,000 KRW per attempt, as of 2026. Both PBT and CBT cost the same. Verify the current fee at kiiptest.org before registering.

How long does the Pre-Evaluation take?

The test runs 70 minutes for 55 questions (a 60-minute written section plus a 10-minute oral section): a written (필기) section of 50 questions plus an oral (구술) section of 5 questions. The oral section is administered face-to-face by two examiners. Build in extra time for check-in and waiting on test day.

How do I get my results?

Results are published approximately 1 to 2 weeks after your test date. Log in to your account on kiiptest.org and check your my-page. After your stage is confirmed, you can register for classes at a KIIP partner institution through socinet.go.kr.

Fact-check record

20 key claims checked against the exact wording of official sources · Verified June 2026

Show

Our fact-check pulls the most important claims out of this guide and checks each one against its official source, quoted word for word so you can confirm it yourself. This is a sample of the guide's facts, not the full reference list. For everything we consulted, see the verified sources below.

  • 01

    The Pre-Evaluation (사전평가) is a placement test that assigns the candidate to KIIP stage 0 through 5 before classes start.

    단계 0 | 0~2점 ※ 구술 3점 미만자 (필기 점수 무관); 단계 1 | 3~20점; 단계 2 | 21~40점; 단계 3 | 41~60점; 단계 4 | 61~80점; 단계 5 | 81~100점
    kiiptest.org
  • 02

    The evaluation fee is 38,000 KRW per attempt, and the same fee applies to both PBT and CBT formats.

    PBT(Paper Based Test) : 38,000원(부가세 포함) / CBT(Computer Based Test) : 38,000원(부가세 포함)
    kiiptest.org
  • 03

    If you hold any valid TOPIK certificate (Level 1 or higher) you can apply for TOPIK linkage placement (연계평가) and skip the Pre-Evaluation.

    한국어능력시험(TOPIK) 1급 보유자는 사회통합프로그램 1단계(100시간) 수료로 인정받고 2단계에 진입가능
    socinet.go.kr
  • 04

    TOPIK linkage places Level 1 at Stage 2, Level 2 at Stage 3, Level 3 at Stage 4, and Level 4, 5, or 6 at Stage 5.

    TOPIK등급 | 1급 | 2급 | 3급 | 4~6급 | 배정단계 | 2단계 | 3단계 | 4단계 | 5단계
    socinet.go.kr
  • 05

    The TOPIK certificate must be within its 2-year validity window, measured from the announcement date, when you apply for linkage.

    사회통합프로그램 연계평가 신청일 기준으로 유효한 한국어능력시험 등급을 보유한 사람이 신청 대상
    kiiptest.org
  • 06

    If you score 85 or above on the Pre-Evaluation, you may sit the Permanent Residency Comprehensive Evaluation directly without completing Stage 5 Basic coursework.

    사전평가 85점 이상 득점자는 유효기간 내에 교육 참여 없이 영주 신청자 대상 종합평가 응시 가능
    kiiptest.org
  • 07

    The 85+ eligibility is valid for 2 years from the score announcement date.

    유효기간 : 결과발표일로부터 2년간 유효
    kiiptest.org
  • 08

    A pass on the 85+ direct path satisfies the F-5 permanent residency basic competency requirement but does not count as KIIP completion.

    합격하더라도 이수완료로는 인정되지 않고 영주 기본소양조건 충족으로만 인정
    kiiptest.org
  • 09

    A Stage 5 placement below 85 still requires completing the 70-hour Stage 5 Basic coursework before sitting the Comprehensive Evaluation.

    단계 5 | 81~100점 ... 사전평가 85점 이상 득점자는 유효기간 내에 교육 참여 없이 영주 신청자 대상 종합평가 응시 가능
    kiiptest.org
  • 10

    The written (필기) section has 50 questions and the oral (구술) section has 5 questions, for 55 questions total.

    필기시험 (50문, 60분) / 구술시험 (5문, 10분)
    kiiptest.org
  • 11

    The written section is 48 multiple-choice items plus 2 short-answer items, covering Korean language and Korean-society/culture knowledge.

    한국어 38 (객관식), 문화 10 (객관식), 한국어 2 (단답형 주관식)
    kiiptest.org
  • 12

    The Pre-Evaluation runs 70 minutes total for 55 questions: a 60-minute written section plus a 10-minute oral section.

    평가시간 (총 70분) / 필기시험 (50문, 60분) / 구술시험 (5문, 10분)
    kiiptest.org
  • 13

    The oral (구술) section is administered face-to-face by two examiners and covers reading aloud, comprehension, conversation, and listening-and-speaking.

    구술감독관 2명이 응시자 5명을 동시평가 / 읽기, 이해하기, 대화하기, 듣고 말하기
    kiiptest.org
  • 14

    An oral (구술) score under 3 places you at Stage 0 regardless of written score.

    단계 0 | 0~2점 ※ 구술 3점 미만자 (필기 점수 무관)
    kiiptest.org
  • 15

    Score-to-stage bands: 3-20 = Stage 1, 21-40 = Stage 2, 41-60 = Stage 3, 61-80 = Stage 4, 81-100 = Stage 5.

    단계 1 | 3~20점; 단계 2 | 21~40점; 단계 3 | 41~60점; 단계 4 | 61~80점; 단계 5 | 81~100점
    kiiptest.org
  • 16

    Course hours: Stage 0 is 15 hours, Stages 1 through 4 are 100 hours each, and Stage 5 Basic is 70 hours.

    0단계 (기초): 15시간 / 1단계~4단계: 100시간 / 5단계 기본: 70시간 (5단계 심화: 30시간)
    socinet.go.kr
  • 17

    Results are published on a fixed schedule after the test date: paper-based (PBT) about 13 days, computer-based (CBT) 2 business days.

    PBT: 평가일로부터 13일 후 16시 이후 / CBT: 평가일로부터 평일 기준 2일 후 16시 이후
    kiiptest.org
  • 18

    Marriage migrants on an F-6 visa can reach Stage 2 placement by submitting a TOPIK Level 1 certificate (or completion at a MOJ-designated overseas Korean institution) at the visa application stage, under the F-6 visa issuance guidelines.

    기초적인 한국어 의사소통이 가능함을 입증한 후 결혼사증을 발급받아 입국한 결혼이민자는 사전평가 없이 2단계 배정 가능 ... 한국어능력시험(TOPIK) 성적증명서(1급) 또는 세종학당 등 법무부 지정 해외 한국어교육기관의 이수증 등
    socinet.go.kr
  • 19

    You register for the Pre-Evaluation at kiiptest.org (operated by the Korea Immigration Foundation), and class registration is done through socinet.go.kr (사회통합정보망).

    사회통합프로그램 평가는 본 홈페이지에서만 접수 가능 (www.kiiptest.org)
    kiiptest.org
  • 20

    If you received a stage placement via Pre-Evaluation but did not start classes, you can retake the Pre-Evaluation and your most recent score replaces the earlier placement, even if the new score is lower.

    사전평가로 단계 배정을 받았으나 교육에 참여하지 아니한 사람 ... 사전평가 결과가 현재 배정·참여 중인 교육 단계보다 낮은 경우에도 새로 배정받은 교육단계로 인정됨
    kiiptest.org

Verified Sources

Every fact in this guide is linked to a primary source. Cross-check anything.

Show all 5 sources
  1. 01

    Korea Immigration Foundation, Pre-Evaluation Guide

    kiiptest.orgAccessed June 2026
  2. 02

    Social Integration Information Network, KIIP Course Structure and Required Hours

    socinet.go.krAccessed June 2026
  3. 03

    Social Integration Information Network, TOPIK Placement Linkage Guide (PDF)

    socinet.go.krAccessed June 2026
  4. 04

    Korea Immigration Foundation, Evaluation Fee Notice (38,000 KRW)

    kisf.orgAccessed June 2026
  5. 05

    Gyeongnam Migrant Labor Welfare Center, KIIP 2025 Paid Transition Notice

    gnmigrant.or.krAccessed June 2026

Cite this guide

Seoulstart Editorial Team. (2026). KIIP Pre-Evaluation (사전평가): Score-to-Level Placement Guide. Seoulstart. Retrieved from https://seoulstart.com/guides/kiip-sajeon-pyeongga-guide
More formats (Chicago, BibTeX)

Chicago

Seoulstart Editorial Team. 2026."KIIP Pre-Evaluation (사전평가): Score-to-Level Placement Guide."Seoulstart. Last modified June 4, 2026. https://seoulstart.com/guides/kiip-sajeon-pyeongga-guide.

BibTeX

@misc{seoulstart-kiip-sajeon-pyeongga-guide,
  author = {{Seoulstart Editorial Team}},
  title = {{KIIP Pre-Evaluation (사전평가): Score-to-Level Placement Guide}},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Seoulstart},
  url = {https://seoulstart.com/guides/kiip-sajeon-pyeongga-guide},
  note = {Last updated June 4, 2026}
}

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